
Japan is Australia’s third largest trading partner and is involved with India and America in the quad strategic dialogue. After the hoopla of the Aukus agreement, it is worth reminding ourselves of this country’s importance.
The signing of a defence pact in October 2022, leading to increased military interaction, should open our eyes to what the two countries have in common and what we can learn from our different histories.
As the Chinese Communist Party threat increases, concern is also growing in other countries around the Pacific; South Korea signed a defence deal in 2021, the Philippines is looking to enhance its military relationship, and Indonesia has a long-standing defence partnership with Australia which has recently updated.
In our era of declining Western self-confidence and increasing decadence, Japan stands out as a pillar of conviction and reminds us what we used to be like. It maintains its culture and traditions, whilst coping with modernity. Where is the West going wrong?
Unlike many nations obsessed by Indigenous rights, the question of who the original Japanese inhabitants were poses little interest, and has not consumed the country’s cognoscenti. Separate tribes were united under an emperor in the eighth century, with order maintained for several centuries until the rival Shogun clans led to civil war and diminished his power. The Tokugawa shogunate maintained control and cut off contact with the outside world.
When the US Navy, under Admiral Perry, visited in the 1850s, world contact was restored. With the overthrow of the Shogun, power returned to the emperor and, under the Meiji, feudalism was abolished. Hundreds of Western advisers were imported to manage the transition of all aspects of life to a modern society, including a democratic system of government. To balance this, the emperor remained the supreme power, Shinto religion was enforced, and nationalism was encouraged, whilst rapid industrialisation provided employment. Shinto, remains the main religion, with its rituals and ancestor worship focusing on shrines. Buddhism is also widespread and increasing, with many worshippers combining the two.
Part of the modernisation involved the military, resulting in its effective use in international conflict. It annexed Taiwan from China in 1895, a successful conflict with Russia resulted in the takeover of Korea, and its involvement on the side of the allies in the first world war further enhanced its reputation. Its subsequent invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and French Indo-China in 1940, following French surrender, proved its undoing. Ongoing conflict in China led to Western sanctions, and its subsequent alliance with Germany in 1940 led to its eventual downfall, especially with American involvement in the war. The nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, with over 100,000 deaths, brought war in the region to an end in 1945. They saved the lives of those who would have had to invade a country that does not believe in surrender. It was at this point that Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa) was removed from Japanese control.
America subsequently imposed martial law and re-organised government with greater democracy, handing power back in 1952. Post war recovery in Japan was rapid, aided by manufacturing and technology development and encouraged by investment during the Korean War (1950-53). With a non-unionised workforce and long hours, a dramatic recovery was achieved and by 1955, the economy had surpassed pre-war levels. 16 years later, by 1968, it had the world’s second largest economy, a situation paralleled only by the German post-war recovery – two countries with a combination of discipline and determination. Without immigration, the population has risen from a post-war 80 million, to 120 million 40 years later, twice that of UK.
Unlike most countries that have allowed immigration, population numbers have been in slow decline in recent years, with a drop of 1 million by 2016. As elsewhere, this seems to relate to a later age of marriage. The number of single women, aged 25-30, increased from 21 per cent in 1975, to 66 per cent by 2020. The institution of marriage, although more stable than in other countries, is still affected by rising divorce. One in 3 marriages do not last, a rate 4 times that of the 1950s. This compares with a 50 per cent divorce rate in America; the divorce rate is now falling as fewer couples marry. How this will affect the traditional way of life remains to be seen.
The inevitable result has been an ageing population, the most significant in the world. In 2022, nearly 30 per cent were over 65, and 15 per cent were over 75 with an overall life expectancy of 84; this compares with figures of 5 per cent and 1 per cent respectively in 1950, and a life expectancy around 60. A similar problem is developing in China as a result of its one-child policy. A different cultural approach, with greater esteem for family, means more are cared for and supported by their relatives than in Western countries, where ageism has become another feature. It is not unusual for one child to live with the grandparents to provide support. With over 80 per cent of elderly still living at home, residential care is a last resort and is viewed as neglect. Compare this with Australian culture, where elderly parents are dumped in nursing homes. Our traditions and family values are trashed, and activism prevails. This traditional approach is maintained by an education system that instils respect, with a more formal relationship with parents, teachers, and the elderly.
The early waves of immigration to Australia were mostly comprised of Europeans with similar cultural values. In 1973, this was cancelled by the Whitlam government, which embraced multiculturalism. Japan is one of the many nations in the world that rejected multiculturalism. For decades, right-wing politics in Japan encouraged ethnic homogeneity and closed the door to immigration to all except those with Japanese ancestry. There are an estimated 2.3 per cent of foreigners, mainly from China, Korea, and Vietnam, who do not have access to health or welfare benefits. The vast majority, Yamato, live in a monoculture.
Without attracting world opprobrium, refugee visas have been restricted, with only a handful accepted from the recent Middle East conflicts. In 2018, the Japanese government changed and with it a more liberal policy was introduced. The falling birth rate has necessitated this change, with labour shortages resulting in 5-year visas for certain occupations.
Another advantage of the traditional Japanese lifestyle is the diet. It is considered to be a healthier diet, with more fish and vegetables and less red meat. A reduced calorie intake has led to low obesity rates and longevity; Japan comes in at number 7 in the lowest rates in the world, behind several other Asian countries. Those Japanese who migrated to America confirm that this is not genetic-based, as their obesity rates rapidly approach that of the locals, increasing from 4 to 40 per cent. The obvious exceptions are the Sumo wrestlers, who typically eat around 7,000 Calories daily and weigh 3 times the average; the end result is their shortened life expectancy.
There is also a different attitude to work. In Australia, we boast of bringing down unemployment from the usual 5 per cent plus, to 3.5 per cent with the pandemic. Japan’s rate averages 2.5 per cent, and has been as low as 1 per cent. With lower unemployment, health, and education costs, these different attitudes result in a lower public social expenditure at 14 per cent of GDP, compared with an OECD and Australian average of 20 per cent. At the young end of the age spectrum, the buzzword for Japanese generation Z, is ‘taipa’, which means more efficient use of time; this compares with the Australian generation Z, where ‘quiet quitting’, to perform the bare minimum, is now admired.
The Japanese culture has also resulted in a low crime rate, with rates declining over the last 60 years, leading to it being one of the safest countries in the world. This has been attributed to a non-violent philosophy, but low poverty levels and drug use are also factors. The police force and justice system also seem remarkably efficient, with 98 per cent of murders solved, often by ‘confession’. The much-feared Yakuza criminal syndicates reached a peak in the 1960s, with 200,000 members; although still involved in drugs, human-trafficking, and extortion, much activity is now semi-legitimate. Compared with Japan, America has a 6 times greater drug use, 130 times the rate of cannabis use, 5 times the murder rate, and 150 times the gun crime rate.
Whilst manufacturing has been the main source of the country’s income, the lack of natural resources, has limited its economy. The country has little solar or wind capacity, but does have some hydro power. Energy generation has been problematic, with fossil fuel imports adding hugely to budget. Despite the country’s personal experience from nuclear attack, nuclear power has had to be a big part of electricity production. Aided by its cheaper electricity, Japan is still the world’s second largest car maker. Prior to the Fukushima event, a third of its power generation was nuclear, the rest coming from imported gas and coal. Following the disaster and shut down of nuclear power, the demand for coal and gas imports soared to provide 75 per cent of its energy needs. It plans to move to hydrogen when technology is matured, with contracts already signed with Australia.
The Fukushima event in 2011, only the third event in the 70 years of nuclear power generation, (before this, Chernobyl was in 1986) was used by activists to suggest these reactors are unsafe. The earthquake-induced tsunami which caused the damage was not related to unreliability, but a natural event caused by Japan being on a fault line, resulting in regular earthquakes. The event caused no recorded radiation deaths, but 20,000 died from the tsunami and 4,000 subsequently from cold due to lack of electricity. The country’s 50 nuclear reactors were closed down, resulting in a 40 per cent increase in Japan’s CO2 emissions; currently 9 reactors have been re-opened. The re-opening of these facilities is a belated acceptance of reality that this is currently the only option to deal with rising CO2 levels. There are already nuclear 440 plants worldwide, including all OECD countries except Australia, with another 60 under construction and 150 planned.
Unlike Australia, Japan has had the benefit of a culturally stable population, free of imported conflicts from far-away nations. Author Douglas Murray stated: ‘A country which imports the world’s peoples will also import the world’s problems.’ It has family, tradition, and religion at its centre. Its economy has thrived because of a strong work ethic. Despite having few of the resource advantages of this country, advantages which are being squandered by us, Japan has a more stable society, one more ready to face adversity. They are, however, increasingly concerned as Australia’s Labor government programs threaten the future supplies of oil and gas they will continue to need, by restricting new exploration. The unexpected departure of Japan’s Ambassador, Yamagami, perhaps because of his outspoken comments on fossil fuels, is something we can ill afford.
For those few remaining Australian survivors of maltreatment in the second world war, antagonisms will not change, but the increasing threat from China makes us appreciate our common goals and brings us closer together. Japanese history also reminds us of its own connection to similarly threatened Taiwan; a thriving democracy of comparable population size to Australia, but on an Island 215 times smaller, and much closer to its adversary. Of necessity, Japan has moved from its post-war pacifist stance, and plans to double its defence spending. In the 21st Century, there are perhaps many lessons we could learn. An ancient proverb comes to mind, ‘The enemy, of my enemy is my friend.’
